Hope & Despair

Sources

Every dataset behind the atlas.

All of it is open and credited — with the licence and the vintage we archived. Per-article citations, with downloadable data and lineage, live at the foot of each piece.

138 sources cited across the atlas

  1. Bank for International Settlements — Total Credit Statistics — data.bis.org/topics/TOTAL_CREDIT ↗ · BIS terms — link-only · vintage 2025
  2. Bank of Canada & Bank of England — Sovereign Default Database 2025 — www.bankofcanada.ca/2025/10/staff-analytical-note-2025-24 ↗ · Bank of Canada — reuse with attribution · vintage 2025
  3. Berkeley Earth — Land/Ocean Temperature Record — berkeleyearth.org/data ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  4. BloombergNEF — Lithium-ion Battery Price Survey — about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-see-largest-drop-since-2017 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2024
  5. Chancel, Piketty, Saez & Zucman — World Inequality Report 2022 — wir2022.wid.world ↗ · link-only · vintage 2022
  6. Charles I. Jones — 'The End of Economic Growth? Unintended Consequences of a Declining Population' (AER, 2022) — www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20201605 ↗ · academic — link-only · vintage 2022
  7. Chen et al. 2024 — Global mortality from landscape-fire smoke (The Lancet Planetary Health) — doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00255-0 ↗ · Link-only · vintage 2024
  8. Climate Watch (2026) — greenhouse gas emissions by sector — ourworldindata.org/grapher/ghg-emissions-by-sector ↗ · CC BY · vintage 2026
  9. Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) — long-run air-pollutant emissions — ourworldindata.org/grapher/long-run-air-pollution ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-27
  10. Consumption-based PM2.5 mortality dataset (University of Illinois Databank, IDB-3251572) — databank.illinois.edu/datasets/IDB-3251572 ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2017
  11. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) / ECMWF — ERA5 — pulse.climate.copernicus.eu ↗ · Copernicus licence (free reuse with attribution) · vintage 2026
  12. CSIRO & NOAA — Global mean sea level, via U.S. EPA — www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-sea-level ↗ · Public Domain · vintage 2024
  13. Doepke, Hannusch, Kindermann & Tertilt — 'The Economics of Fertility: A New Era' (2022); Myrskylä, Kohler & Billari (Nature, 2009) — www.nber.org/papers/w29948 ↗ · academic — link-only · vintage 2022
  14. EM-DAT — International Disaster Database, CRED / UCLouvain (link-only) — www.emdat.be ↗ · restricted — link-only · vintage 2025
  15. Ember — Yearly Electricity Data — ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-13
  16. FAO - CoAHD July 2025 release note — www.fao.org/statistics/events/events-detail/cost-and-affordability-of-a-healthy-diet-%28coahd%29.-july-2025-update/en ↗ · FAO terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  17. FAO — Forest area, via Our World in Data — ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2025
  18. FAO — Prevalence of undernourishment (via World Bank WDI) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  19. FAO and World Bank - Cost and Affordability of a Healthy Diet (CoAHD) — data360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/FAO_CAHD ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO / FAOSTAT terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  20. Federation of American Scientists — Nuclear Notebook — fas.org/initiative/nuclear-information-project ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  21. Ghosh et al. 2021 — Ambient and household PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes (PLOS Medicine) — doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003718 ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2021
  22. Global Carbon Budget (2025) — globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2025
  23. Global Nutrition Report 2021 - Health and environmental impacts of diets worldwide — globalnutritionreport.org/reports/2021-global-nutrition-report/health-and-environmental-impacts-of-diets-worldwide ↗ · Global Nutrition Report terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  24. Global Terrorism Database (START, U. Maryland) — www.start.umd.edu/gtd ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  25. Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS) / MODIS — burned area by land cover — ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-burned-area-by-landcover ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-27
  26. IEA — CO₂ Emissions / World Energy Outlook (link-only) — www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-transitions ↗ · restricted — link-only · vintage 2025
  27. IEA — Global EV Data Explorer — www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-13
  28. IEA — Global EV Outlook 2024 — www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2024
  29. IEA — Global EV Outlook 2026 (report) — www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/global-ev-outlook-2026 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2026
  30. IEA — Renewables 2024 / Electricity 2025 — www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2024
  31. IHME — Global Burden of Disease (link-only) — vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results ↗ · IHME Free-of-Charge Non-Commercial Agreement · vintage GBD 2021
  32. IHME — Global Burden of Disease 2021 (link-only) — vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results ↗ · IHME Free-of-Charge Non-Commercial — link-only · vintage 2021
  33. IHME — Vollset et al., 'Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios' (The Lancet, 2020) — www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30677-2/fulltext ↗ · academic — link-only · vintage 2020
  34. IHME Global Burden of Disease — lead exposure; Larsen & Sánchez-Triana 2023 (Lancet Planetary Health) — ourworldindata.org/lead-pollution ↗ · Link-only (IHME) · vintage 2021–2023
  35. ILO & UNICEF — Global Estimates of Child Labour — www.ilo.org/childlabour ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  36. ILOSTAT — International Labour Organization — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2025
  37. ILOSTAT — International Labour Organization (informal employment, modelled) — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  38. ILOSTAT — International Labour Organization (social protection & labour income share) — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  39. ILOSTAT — International Labour Organization (working poverty, SDG 1.1.1) — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  40. ILOSTAT — Youth not in employment, education or training — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  41. IMF — AI Preparedness Index (Cazzaniga et al. 2024) — www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2024/01/14/Gen-AI-Artificial-Intelligence-and-the-Future-of-Work-542379 ↗ · © original authors — shown as published by the World Bank · vintage 2024
  42. IMF — Historical Public Debt Database — www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/DEBT ↗ · IMF — data reuse with attribution · vintage 2015
  43. IMF — Monitoring of Fund Arrangements (MONA) — www.imf.org/external/np/fin/mona ↗ · IMF — arrangement records (facts); displayed and cited, source files not re-hosted · vintage 1992–2026
  44. IMF–World Bank Debt Sustainability Framework — List of LIC DSAs — www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/dsa/dsalist.pdf ↗ · IMF — published risk ratings (facts); displayed and cited, source PDF not re-hosted · vintage 2013–2026
  45. International Labour Organization (ILOSTAT) — ilostat.ilo.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  46. International Labour Organization (modelled), via World Bank — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  47. IPCC — Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (link-only) — www.ipcc.ch/sr15 ↗ · © IPCC — cited with attribution, not re-hosted · vintage 2018
  48. Johnson & Papageorgiou — “What Remains of Cross-Country Convergence?” (J. Econ. Literature) — www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20181207 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2020
  49. Jones et al. (2025) — National Contributions to Climate Change / Global Carbon Project — ourworldindata.org/grapher/methane-emissions ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2025
  50. Kose & Ohnsorge (2024) — Falling Long-Term Growth Prospects, via World Bank — www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/global-jobs-challenge ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2024
  51. Kremer, Willis & You — “Converging to Convergence” (NBER 29484) — www.nber.org/papers/w29484 ↗ · link-only · vintage 2021
  52. Lutz, Skirbekk & Testa — the low-fertility-trap hypothesis (2006); Pritchett — desired fertility and policy (1994) — www.jstor.org/stable/20058983 ↗ · academic — link-only · vintage 2006
  53. Maddison Project Database — www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  54. Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (MMEIG) — www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/maternal-health ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2023
  55. NASA GISS — GISTEMP v4 — data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp ↗ · Public Domain (US Government) · vintage 2026
  56. NASA/JPL — GRACE & GRACE-FO ice-sheet mass — climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets ↗ · Public Domain (US Government) · vintage 2026
  57. National Snow and Ice Data Center — Sea Ice Index v3 — nsidc.org/data/seaice_index ↗ · Public Domain · vintage 2026
  58. ND-GAIN — Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index (link-only) — gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index ↗ · licence unclear — link-only · vintage 2024
  59. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory — CH₄ & N₂O concentration — gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends ↗ · Public Domain (US Government) · vintage 2026
  60. NOAA NCEI — Global Ocean Heat Content (0–2000 m) — www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/global-ocean-heat-content ↗ · Public Domain (US Government) · vintage 2026
  61. Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative — ND-GAIN Country Index — gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index ↗ · ND-GAIN — link-only (licence unstated) · vintage 2026
  62. OpenAlex — openalex.org ↗ · CC0 1.0 · vintage 2026-06
  63. OpenAQ — The Air Quality Data Landscape (2024) — openaq.org/reports/the-air-quality-data-landscape ↗ · Cited · vintage 2024
  64. Our World in Data — ourworldindata.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  65. Our World in Data - FAO food security indicators — ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-moderate-or-severe-food-insecurity ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-07-02
  66. Our World in Data — “$3 a day: a new poverty line — what changed, and why?” — ourworldindata.org/new-international-poverty-line-3-dollars-per-day ↗ · link-only · vintage 2026
  67. Our World in Data — “The end of progress against extreme poverty?” (Max Roser) — ourworldindata.org/end-progress-extreme-poverty ↗ · link-only · vintage 2026
  68. Our World in Data — Annual CO₂ emissions (Global Carbon Budget) — ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-13
  69. Our World in Data — Atmospheric CO₂ concentration — ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-long-term-concentration ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  70. Our World in Data — child mortality, life expectancy, literacy — ourworldindata.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  71. Our World in Data — Children per woman (UN WPP) — ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-per-woman-un ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  72. Our World in Data — Cross-country literacy rates — ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-literacy-rates ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  73. Our World in Data — Electric car sales (IEA) — ourworldindata.org/electric-car-sales ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-13
  74. Our World in Data — Extreme poverty in brief (Max Roser) — ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty-in-brief ↗ · link-only · vintage 2026
  75. Our World in Data — Life Expectancy — ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  76. Our World in Data — Mean years of schooling — ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-years-of-schooling ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  77. Our World in Data — Out-of-school children of primary school age — ourworldindata.org/grapher/out-of-school-children-of-primary-school-age-by-world-region ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  78. Our World in Data — Population growth rate / births / median age (UN WPP) — ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rates ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  79. Our World in Data — Population, with UN projections — ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-long-run-with-projections ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  80. Our World in Data — Poverty — ourworldindata.org/poverty ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  81. Our World in Data — Projections of extreme poverty (World Bank) — ourworldindata.org/grapher/projections-extreme-poverty-wb ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  82. Our World in Data — Solar PV module prices (Lafond et al. / IRENA) — ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  83. Our World in Data — War & Peace — ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  84. Outdoor-air-pollution death estimates — Lelieveld et al. 2015 (PNAS); IHME GBD 2021; Vohra et al. 2021 (Environmental Research) — ourworldindata.org/air-pollution ↗ · Link-only (GBD/IHME-derived) · vintage 2015–2021
  85. Patel, Sandefur & Subramanian — “The New Era of Unconditional Convergence” (J. Development Economics, 2021) — www.cgdev.org/publication/new-era-unconditional-convergence ↗ · link-only · vintage 2021
  86. Sovereign-debt haircut studies (Cruces & Trebesch 2013; Graf von Luckner et al. 2024; Zettelmeyer et al. 2013) — www.nber.org/papers/w32599 ↗ · Academic datasets — link-only (displayed and cited, not re-hosted) · vintage 2013–2024
  87. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) — www.sipri.org/databases/milex ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  88. UN IGME — Under-five mortality, via Our World in Data — childmortality.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  89. UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) — childmortality.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  90. UN OCHA — occupied Palestinian territory — www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties ↗ · Cited (not re-hosted) · vintage 2026
  91. UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) — A World of Debt 2025 — unctad.org/publication/world-of-debt ↗ · UNCTAD publication terms (display + cite); underlying indicators UNCTAD Data Hub, CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2025
  92. UN World Population Prospects 2024 — population.un.org/wpp ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2024
  93. UN World Population Prospects 2024 — Demographic Indicators (direct) — population.un.org/wpp ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2024
  94. UNAIDS — aidsinfo.unaids.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  95. UNHCR Refugee Data Finder — www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  96. UNICEF - Child Food Poverty: Nutrition deprivation in early childhood — data.unicef.org/resources/child-food-poverty-report-2024 ↗ · UNICEF terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  97. UNICEF - Severe food poverty — data.humdata.org/dataset/unicef-nt-cf-fg-0-t-2 ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2026-07-02
  98. UNODC Global Study on Homicide — www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/global-study-on-homicide.html ↗ · Link-only (non-redistributable) · vintage 2025
  99. Uppsala Conflict Data Program — ucdp.uu.se ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  100. Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP / PRIO) — ucdp.uu.se ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  101. V-Dem (Democracy report v16) — via Our World in Data — ourworldindata.org/grapher/women-political-empowerment-index ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  102. WHO global air quality guidelines (2021) — www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228 ↗ · Cited (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) · vintage 2021
  103. WHO Global Health Observatory — www.who.int/data/gho ↗ · CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO · vintage 2024
  104. WHO Mortality Database / UNODC — platform.who.int/mortality ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  105. WHO, UNICEF & UN — maternal mortality and immunization (via World Bank WDI) — data.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  106. WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) — www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/global-monitoring/immunization-coverage ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  107. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme — washdata.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via the World Bank) · vintage 2026
  108. World Bank - Country API metadata — datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/898590-country-api-queries ↗ · World Bank terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  109. World Bank - Food Prices for Nutrition DataHub — www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp/brief/foodpricesfornutrition ↗ · World Bank terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  110. World Bank — “Lifting 800 Million People Out of Poverty: Lessons from China’s Experience” (2022) — www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/04/01/lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-new-report-looks-at-lessons-from-china-s-experience ↗ · link-only · vintage 2022
  111. World Bank — Access to electricity (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  112. World Bank — aging & dependency (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.POP.DPND.OL) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  113. World Bank — Atlas of Global Development 2026 — data360.worldbank.org/en/atlas/global-progress ↗ · Cited for the question and framing, not re-hosted · vintage 2026
  114. World Bank — Fertility rate, total (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  115. World Bank — Forest area (% of land area, AG.LND.FRST.ZS) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2025
  116. World Bank — GDP per capita, PPP (NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-12
  117. World Bank — girls' secondary enrolment, women's labour force, adolescent fertility — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  118. World Bank — Global Economic Prospects, June 2026 — www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2026 (data cutoff 2 June 2026)
  119. World Bank — International Debt Statistics — databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  120. World Bank — Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-12
  121. World Bank — Poverty and Inequality Platform — pip.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  122. World Bank — Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) — pip.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  123. World Bank — The Global Jobs Challenge (2026) — www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/global-jobs-challenge ↗ · CC BY 3.0 IGO · vintage 2026
  124. World Bank — World Development Indicators — data.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  125. World Bank — World Development Indicators (education) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  126. World Bank — World Development Indicators (literacy) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-21
  127. World Bank — World Development Indicators & Poverty and Inequality Platform — data.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  128. World Bank — World Development Indicators, via Data360 — data360.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  129. World Bank & Maddison Project — via Our World in Data — ourworldindata.org/economic-growth ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2024
  130. World Bank Data Blog - Can everyone afford to eat healthy? — blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/can-everyone-afford-to-eat-healthy--new-data-show-progress--but- ↗ · World Bank terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  131. World Bank HNP — Health, Nutrition & Population by wealth quintile (DHS & UNICEF MICS) — databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics-by-wealth-quintile ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage various surveys
  132. World Bank Open Data — data.worldbank.org ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06
  133. World Bank WDI — Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-26
  134. World Bank WDI — PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3) — data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026-06-26
  135. World Glacier Monitoring Service — reference-glacier mass balance — wgms.ch ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2026
  136. World Health Organization - Healthy diet fact sheet — www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet ↗ · WHO terms · vintage 2026-07-02
  137. World Inequality Database (WID) — wid.world ↗ · CC BY 4.0 (via OWID) · vintage 2026
  138. Xue et al. 2022 — Stillbirths attributable to ambient PM2.5 (Nature Communications) — doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34250-4 ↗ · CC BY 4.0 · vintage 2022

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